This is a sharp sign.
A sharp sign written before a note on the staff means that you play the note that is one fret higher than the note written. For example, the note written on the staff above is called F sharp (F#), and is played on the second fret of the first string. When a sharp sign is written on the staff it is always written before a note.
Strum Pattern
Instead of writing a sharp sign before every F# note on the staff, it is easier to write just one sharp sign after the treble clef. This means that all the F notes on the staff are played as F#, even though there is no sharp sign placed before them.
Strum Pattern